Python Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on values and variables. The Python operators are classified into seven different categories:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform simple mathematical operations on numeric values (except complex).

Here are some examples:

x = 6
y = 2

# addition
print(x + y)		# 8

# subtraction
print(x - y)		# 4

# multiplication
print(x * y)		# 12

# division
print(x / y)		# 3

# modulus
print(x % y)		# 0

# exponentiation
print(x ** y)		# 36

# floor division
print(x // y)		# 3

For additional numeric operations see the math module.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign new values to variables.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

Here are some examples:

x = 6
y = 2

# equal to
print(x == y)		# False

# not equal to
print(x != y)		# True

# greater than
print(x > y)		# True

# less than
print(x < y)		# False

# greater than or equal to
print(x >= y)		# True

# less than or equal to
print(x <= y)		# False

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to join two or more conditions.

Here are some examples:

x = 2
y = -2

# and
print(x > 0 and y < 0)          # True

# or
print(x > 0 or y < 0)           # True

# not
print(not(x > 0 and y < 0))     # False

Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to check if two objects point to the same object, with the same memory location.

Here are some examples:

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]

# is
print(x is y)		# False

# is not
print(x is not y)	# True

Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to check if a specific item is present in a sequence (such as a string, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (such as a dictionary, set, or frozen set).

Here are some examples:

L = ['red', 'green', 'blue']

# in
print('red' in L)           # True

# not in
print('yellow' not in L)    # True

Bitwise Operators

Binary operators are used to perform bit-level operations on (binary) numbers.

Here are some examples:

x = 0b1100
y = 0b1010

# and
print(bin(x & y))	    # 0b1000

# or
print(bin(x | y))	    # 0b1110

# xor
print(bin(x ^ y))	    # 0b0110

# not
print(bin(~x))		    # -0b1101

# shift 2 bits left
print(bin(x << 2))	    # 0b1100

# shift 2 bits right
print(bin(x >> 2))	    # 0b0011

Operator Precedence (Order of Operations)

In Python, every operator is assigned a precedence. Operator Precedence determines which operations are performed before which other operations.

Operators of highest precedence are performed first. Any operators of equal precedence are performed in left-to-right order.